Once you've chosen the type of woodturning project you want to pursue, whether it's bowls, spindles, hollow vessels, boxes, pens, or something else, the next step is selecting the right tools. This often leads to a common and widely debated question: Should you use traditional high-speed steel (HSS) tools or modern carbide turning tools?
Key Differences Between HSS and Carbide Tools
Traditional tools have been used by woodturners for generations. They require more technique and maintenance but offer precision and versatility once mastered.
Traditional HSS Tools
- Skill-Dependent: Using HSS tools effectively requires more technique and practice. Each tool must be presented to the workpiece at the correct bevel angle, and different profiles require different handling.
- Sharper Finish: When used properly, HSS tools shear the wood fibers instead of scraping them, often resulting in a smoother surface with less sanding needed, especially on end grain.
- Frequent Sharpening: These tools require regular sharpening, sometimes as often as every few minutes, depending on the wood species. This means you'll need a sharpening setup (grinders, jigs, hones) and the skills to use it.
- Higher Learning Curve: Mastery takes time, but many experienced turners value the fine control and results HSS tools provide.
Common Types of Traditional HSS Tools
A well-rounded traditional toolset typically includes:
- Roughing gouge – for turning square stock into round.
- Bowl gouge – for shaping and finishing bowls.
- Spindle gouge – for detail work on spindles and curved profiles.
- Skew chisel – for smooth cuts and finishing on spindle work.
- Parting tool – for cutting grooves and separating finished parts.
- Round nose scraper – for finishing inside curves and coves.
That said, beginners may want to purchase tools individually rather than as a set, focusing on the tools needed for specific projects to avoid unused tools and unnecessary cost.
Tool Material
Always ensure traditional tools are made from high-speed steel (HSS)—the industry standard. HSS holds an edge significantly longer than carbon steel, making it a superior choice for turning applications.
Carbide Tools
Carbide insert tools are a modern alternative designed for ease of use and minimal maintenance. They use replaceable cutters and are ideal for new or casual turners.
How They Work
Carbide tools scrape the wood rather than shear it. This makes them easier for beginners to use, as they don’t rely on bevel angles or nuanced technique. Simply hold the tool level (parallel to the floor) and push it into the workpiece.
Carbide inserts are available in various shapes—square, round, diamond, etc.—to handle different tasks. At minimum, you'll need multiple profiles to cover all project needs.
Although extremely hard and long-lasting, carbide inserts can be brittle and prone to chipping if dropped or mishandled. While they don’t require sharpening, they can be lightly honed with a diamond file to extend their life.
- Beginner-Friendly: Carbide tools are easier to use right away. You simply hold the tool level (parallel to the floor) and push it into the workpiece. There's no need to manage bevel angles.
- Scraping Action: Carbide inserts scrape rather than shear, which can leave a rougher finish, particularly on curved surfaces or end grain. Light finishing passes can help reduce sanding time.
- Low Maintenance: Carbide inserts stay sharp for a long time and don’t require sharpening equipment. When they dull, you simply rotate or replace the cutter.
- Faster Material Removal: Especially in roughing, carbide tools can quickly remove wood without needing constant resharpening.
- Cost Consideration: While carbide inserts can be pricey, they are generally more affordable than setting up a full sharpening station. A simple diamond hone can extend their life.
Pros and Cons Overview
| Feature | Traditional HSS Tools | Carbide Tools |
|---|---|---|
| Skill Required | High | Low |
| Finish Quality | Smooth (less sanding) | Rougher (more sanding) |
| Sharpening | Frequent, requires equipment | Rare, replaceable inserts |
| Learning Curve | Steep | Easy |
| Cost Over Time | Investment in sharpening tools | Ongoing insert replacement |
| Material Removal | Moderate | Fast (with roughers) |
| Safety | Higher risk of catches | Generally safer |
Pros of Traditional HSS Tools
- Lower tool cost compared to carbide.
- Beveled edges provide support and control during cutting.
- Extremely versatile, with different tools for roughing, shaping, and finishing.
- Produces cleaner, more refined cuts with less sanding.
Cons of Traditional HSS Tools
- Steep learning curve; requires practice and proper technique.
- Frequent sharpening is needed, especially with hardwoods.
- Additional cost for sharpening equipment (grinders, jigs, hones).
- Requires learning how to sharpen effectively.
Pros of Carbide Tools
- Very beginner-friendly with a minimal learning curve.
- No sharpening required, just rotate or replace inserts.
- No sharpening equipment needed.
- Long-lasting edge retention compared to HSS.
- Easily maintained with a simple diamond hone.
- Generally safer—less likely to catch violently.
Cons of Carbide Tools
- More expensive upfront.
- Requires multiple tool profiles for full versatility.
- Lack of bevel means less support and control.
- Scraping action leaves a rougher finish, meaning more sanding is needed.
- Inserts are brittle and can chip or fracture.
Which Should You Choose?
- Use HSS tools if you're committed to learning traditional turning techniques, want the smoothest surface finish, and are prepared to invest in sharpening equipment.
- Choose carbide tools if you're just starting out, turn occasionally, or want to avoid sharpening altogether.
Many experienced turners use both types, carbide tools for rough shaping and HSS tools for fine finishing. Ultimately, the best tool depends on your goals, experience level, and how much time you want to invest in learning and maintenance.